The earliest records show that astrology used to be the most popular method. Secrets about the future were foretold in the movements of the heavens, but only those skilled in studying, analysing and interpreting them could hope to make sense of the messages they delivered. The best readers would find themselves in the employ of the rich and powerful.
In some cultures, visions were used as a way of determining the future. These were delivered by spirits or gods ahead of important vents. Some people would try to induce these visions in various ways. The Delphic Oracle of Ancient Greece is an example of this. A ritual in which the oracle breathed in vapours rising from the ground was said to bring on prophecies inspired by Apollo. The prophecies would be analysed by the priests of the temple so that sense could be made of them. Speaking to the oracle was a privilege reserved only for the most respected people.
Having a medium contact a departed spirit has been popular since the 1800s. Communication, transport and simply finding the time to make the journey could provide problems, and so often it was not within the grasp of everyone.
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